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What is Barrett's Esophagus?
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
How is Barrett's Esophagus diagnosed?
What is the risk of esophageal cancer with Barrett's Esophagus?
How is Barrett's Esophagus with dysplasia or cancer treated?
Points to Remember

Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining the esophagus—the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach—is replaced by tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine. This process is called intestinal metaplasia.

No signs or symptoms are associated with Barrett's esophagus, but it is commonly found in people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A small number of people with Barrett's esophagus develop a rare but often deadly type of cancer of the esophagus.

Barrett's esophagus affects about 1 percent (1) of adults in the United States. The average age at diagnosis is 50, but determining when the problem started is usually difficult. Men develop Barrett's esophagus twice as often as women, and Caucasian men are affected more frequently than men of other races. Barrett's esophagus is uncommon in children.

The Esophagus

The esophagus carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach slowly pumps the food and liquids into the intestine, which then absorbs needed nutrients. This process is automatic and people are usually not aware of it. People sometimes feel their esophagus when they swallow something too large, try to eat too quickly, or drink very hot or cold liquids.

The muscular layers of the esophagus are normally pinched together at both the upper and lower ends by muscles called sphincters. When a person swallows, the sphincters relax to allow food or drink to pass from the mouth into the stomach. The muscles then close rapidly to prevent the food or drink from leaking out of the stomach back into the esophagus and mouth.

(1) Cameron AJ. Epidemiology of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Diseases of the Esophagus. 2002;15:106–108.

GERD is a more serious form of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). GER occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter opens spontaneously for varying periods of time or does not close properly and stomach contents rise into the esophagus. GER is also called acid reflux or acid regurgitation because digestive juices called acids rise with the food or fluid.

When GER occurs, food or fluid can be tasted in the back of the mouth. When refluxed stomach acid touches the lining of the esophagus it may cause a burning sensation in the chest or throat called heartburn or acid indigestion. Occasional GER is common and does not necessarily mean one has GERD.

Persistent reflux that occurs more than twice a week is considered GERD and can eventually lead to more serious health problems. Overall, 10 to 20 percent (2) of Americans experience GERD symptoms every day, making it one of the most common medical conditions. People of all ages can have GERD.

Because Barrett's esophagus does not cause any symptoms, many physicians recommend that adults older than 40 who have had GERD for a number of years undergo an endoscopy and biopsies to check for the condition.

People with Barrett's esophagus have a low risk of developing a kind of cancer called esophageal adenocarcinoma. Less than 1 percent (3) of people with Barrett's esophagus develop esophageal adenocarcinoma each year. Barrett's esophagus may be present for several years before cancer develops. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is frequently not detected until its later stages when treatments are not always effective.

Surveillance for Dysplasia and Cancer

Periodic endoscopic examinations with biopsies to look for early warning signs of cancer are generally recommended for people who have Barrett's esophagus. This approach is called surveillance.

Typically, before esophageal cancer develops, precancerous cells appear in the Barrett's tissue. This condition is called dysplasia and can be seen only through biopsies. Multiple biopsies must be taken because dysplasia can be missed in a single biopsy. Detecting and treating dysplasia may prevent cancer from developing.

(3) Shaheen N, Ransohoff DF. Gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287(15):1982–1986.

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Endoscopic or surgical treatments can be used to treat Barrett's esophagus with severe dysplasia or cancer. Your doctor will present the available options and help determine the best course of treatment for you.

Endoscopic Treatments

Several endoscopic therapies are available to treat severe dysplasia and cancer. During these therapies, the Barrett's lining is destroyed or the portion of the lining that has dysplasia or cancer is cut out. The goal of the treatment is to encourage normal esophageal tissue to replace the destroyed Barrett's lining. Endoscopic therapies are performed at specialty centers by physicians with expertise in these procedures.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT uses a light-sensitizing agent called Photofrin and a laser to kill precancerous and cancerous cells. Photofrin is injected into a vein and the patient returns 48 hours later. The laser light is then passed through the endoscope and activates the Photofrin to destroy Barrett's tissue in the esophagus. Complications of PDT include chest pain, nausea, sun sensitivity for several weeks, and esophageal strictures.

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA). RFA uses thermal energy to destroy the precancerous and cancerous cells. A balloon covered with electromagnetic coils is inflated in the lower esophagus directly within the Barrett's segment. As an electrical current is run through these coils the heat generated obliterates the lining of the esophagus.  Early studies have found this technique to be very effective at destroying Barrett's tissue.  Esophageal strictures seem to occur less frequently than with PDT.

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR). EMR involves lifting the Barrett's lining and injecting a solution under it or applying suction to it and then cutting it off. The lining is then removed through the endoscope. If EMR is used to treat cancer, an endoscopic ultrasound is done first to make sure the cancer involves only the top layer of esophageal cells. Complications of EMR can include bleeding or tearing of the esophagus. EMR is sometimes used in combination with PDT.

In Barrett's esophagus, the tissue lining the esophagus is replaced by tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine.

Barrett's esophagus is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Improvement in GERD symptoms with acid-reducing drugs may decrease the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett's esophagus is diagnosed through an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsies.

People who have Barrett's esophagus should have periodic surveillance endoscopies and biopsies.

Endoscopic treatments are used to destroy Barrett's tissue, which will hopefully be replaced with normal esophageal tissue.

Removal of most of the esophagus is recommended if a person with Barrett's esophagus is found to have severe dysplasia or cancer and can tolerate a surgical procedure.

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